Evolution of emotion → World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, Power (international relations), Myrtales

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  Evolution of emotionEvolutionary explanations for the existence of discrete emotions such as fear and joy are one of many theoretical approaches to understanding the ontological nature of emotions. Historically, evolutionary theoretical approaches to emotions, including basic emotion theory, have postulated that certain so-called basic emotions have evolved over human phylogeny to serve specific functions. So-called basic emotions are often linked causally to subcortical structures of the brain, including the amygdala. In other words, subcortical structures have historically been considered the causes of emotions, while neocortical structures, especially the prefrontal cortex, are almost invariably understood as the cause of reason. Those ideas about the brain are old; they're traceable at least to Aristotle and were later incorporated into Paul MacLean's mistaken model of brain organization, the "triune brain." These ideas have led to the widespread, erroneous belief that animal brains, including human brains, evolve in a linear fashion, such that, along the course of evolution, new layers of brain tissue are stacked upon older layers of brain tissue, much like the formation of sedimentary rocks. Brain evolution is a lot more complicated than that. Evolution and natural selection has been applied to the study of human communication, mainly by Charles Darwin in his 1872 work, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin researched the expression of emotions in an effort to support his materialist theory of unguided evolution. He proposed that much like other traits found in animals, emotions apparently also evolved and were adapted over time. His work looked at not only facial expressions in animals and specifically humans, but attempted to point out parallels between behaviors in humans and other animals. Evolutionary psychologists consider human emotions to be best adapted to the life our ancestors led in nomadic foraging bands.
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  World Association of Newspapers and News PublishersThe World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization made up of 76 national newspaper associations, 12 news agencies, 10 regional press organisations, and many individual newspaper executives in 100 countries. The association was founded in 1948, and, as of 2011, represented more than 18,000 publications globally. WAN's objectives are to defend and to promote freedom of the press, to support the development of newspaper publishing, and to foster global co-operation. It has provided consultation for UNESCO, the United Nations, and the Council of Europe. According to WAN, from 2007 to 2011, global newspaper advertising dropped 41% to $76 billion.
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  Power (international relations)In international relations, power is defined in several different ways. Material definitions of state power emphasize economic and military power. Other definitions of power emphasize the ability to structure and constitute the nature of social relations between actors. Power is an attribute of particular actors in their interactions, as well as a social process that constitutes the social identities and capacities of actors. International relations scholars use the term polarity to describe the distribution of power in the international system. Unipolarity refers to an international system characterized by one hegemon, bipolarity to an order with two great powers or blocs of states, and multipolarity refers to the presence of three or more great powers. Those states that have significant amounts of power within the international system are referred to as small powers, middle powers, regional powers, great powers, superpowers, or hegemons, although there is no commonly accepted standard for what defines a powerful state. Entities other than states can have power in international relations. Such entities can include multilateral international organizations like the United Nations, military alliance organizations like NATO, multinational corporations like Walmart, non-governmental organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church, or other institutions such as the Hanseatic League and technology companies like Facebook and Google.
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  MyrtalesThe Myrtales are an order of flowering plants, in the malvid clade of the rosid group of dicotyledons. Well-known members of Myrtales include: myrtle, pōhutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, eucalyptus, crape myrtles, henna tree, pomegranate, water caltrop, loosestrifes, cupheas, evening primroses, fuchsias, willowherbs, white mangrove, leadwood tree, African birch, Koster's curse, and velvet tree.

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