Herat → Obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbols, Private law, Official World Golf Ranking

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  HeratHerat, also written as Harat or Hirat, and historically known as Haraiva, Horeiva and Hires, is a city in western Afghanistan, serving as the capital and largest city of Herat Province. It has long been the third-largest city of Afghanistan. The city is within the jurisdiction of Herat District and has an estimated population of 673,273 settled residents. Mullah Nematullah Hassan is the current mayor of the city. His predecessor was Haji Abdulraziq Rashed. Herat is a major industrial and trading center. As the gateway to Iran and Turkmenistan, it collects billions of dollars in customs revenue for Afghanistan. It has an international airport and a large industrial park near it. The roads from Herat to Iran and Turkmenistan are becoming strategically important. Herat is situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains in the fertile valley of the Hari River. An ancient civilization on the Silk Road between West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia and East Asia, it is a regional hub in the country's west. It dates back to Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, particularly the Great Mosque of Herat, the Herat Citadel, the Musalla Complex. During the Middle Ages, Herat became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the Pearl of Khorasan. After its conquest by Timur, the city became an important center of intellectual and artistic life in the Islamic world. Under the rule of Shah Rukh, the city served as the focal point of the Timurid Renaissance, whose glory is thought to have matched Florence of the Italian Renaissance as the center of a cultural rebirth. After the fall of the Timurid Empire, Herat has been governed by various Afghan rulers since the early 18th century. In 1716, the Abdali Afghans inhabiting the city revolted and formed their own Sultanate, the Sadozai Sultanate of Herat. The city was governed by Afsharid Persia in 1732. After Nader Shah's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747, Herat separated from Afsharid Iran and became part of Afghanistan. It became an independent city-state in the first half of the 19th century, facing several invasions from Qajar Iran until being reincorporated into Afghanistan in 1863. Prior to the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War, the city had become one of the major stops on the Hippie trail from Tehran to Kabul. Following the 2001 war, the city had been relatively safe from militant attacks. In 2021, it was announced that Herat would be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Herat, Piranshahr, Damghan and Aleppo are noted to be sites for archaeological interests and exploration.
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  Obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbolsThere are a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols that have been used in and alongside the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). These fall into a few basic categories, including: - Those used historically in the IPA - Some represent standard phonetic values and have been modified or replaced completely, such as ⟩ for modern - Others represent varied manners and places of articulation, phonation states, or sounds paired with secondary articulation, and have been dropped altogether with the idea that they should instead be indicated with diacritics, such as ⟩ for modern - Those specific to local linguistic traditions that otherwise use standard IPA - Some represent sounds in a more simplified form, such as the Americanist ⟩ for standard - Others represent phonemes and phones that may be generally difficult to describe with the usage of standard letters and diacritics, such as the Sinological ⟩ for so-called "apical vowels" - Those which fill in "gaps" of the IPA chart - Some are "implicit" or "expected" symbols created or used by iconographic analogy to symbols for related sounds, such as ⟩ for - Others are simply created or used for common sounds that lack independent symbols, such as ⟩ for - Those applying to any of the above categories that have been proposed for usage in or adjacent to the IPA - Some have been formally proposed to and rejected by the International Phonetic Association, many of which have been largely or entirely unused outside of their respective proposals - Others have been informally proposed and occasionally used but have lacked widespread consensus in their usage, often being idiosyncratic or seeing a number of competing proposals to represent a sound These may all be referred to as para-IPA, a term describing "symbols that are commonly used within IPA notation but that are not themselves part of the IPA alphabet."
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  Private lawPrivate law is the part of a legal system that governs interactions between individual persons. It is distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons and the state, including regulatory statutes, penal law and other law that affects the public order. In general terms, private law involves interactions between private individuals, whereas public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population. In legal systems of the civil law tradition, it is that part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts, and the law of obligations.
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  Official World Golf RankingThe Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of professional golfers. It was started in 1986. The rankings are based on a player's position in individual tournaments over a "rolling" two-year period. New rankings are calculated each week. During 2018, nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system. All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings. In 2026, 25 tours factored into the world rankings. As well as being of general interest, the rankings have an additional importance, in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments. The chair of the OWGR is former world number twelve and 2008 Masters Tournament champion Trevor Immelman.

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